diff --git a/src/common/gamecode/economy.c b/src/common/gamecode/economy.c
index bc04e2527..2b95d4e7e 100644
--- a/src/common/gamecode/economy.c
+++ b/src/common/gamecode/economy.c
@@ -265,8 +265,8 @@ add_recruits(unit * u, int number, int wanted)
         change_level(unew, SK_CROSSBOW, i);
       if (unew->race->bonus[SK_RIDING] >= 0)
         change_level(unew, SK_RIDING, i);
-      if (unew->race->bonus[SK_AUSDAUER] >= 0)
-        change_level(unew, SK_AUSDAUER, i);
+      if (unew->race->bonus[SK_STAMINA] >= 0)
+        change_level(unew, SK_STAMINA, i);
     }
 #endif /* KARMA_MODULE */
     if (unew!=u) {
@@ -2742,8 +2742,8 @@ wahrnehmung(region * r, faction * f)
 
   for (u = r->units; u; u = u->next) {
     if (u->faction == f) {
-      if (eff_skill(u, SK_OBSERVATION, r) > w) {
-        w = eff_skill(u, SK_OBSERVATION, r);
+      if (eff_skill(u, SK_PERCEPTION, r) > w) {
+        w = eff_skill(u, SK_PERCEPTION, r);
       }
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/common/gamecode/monster.c b/src/common/gamecode/monster.c
index df5ca54ed..5dd6ea111 100644
--- a/src/common/gamecode/monster.c
+++ b/src/common/gamecode/monster.c
@@ -910,7 +910,7 @@ plan_dragon(unit * u)
   }
   if (long_order==NULL) {
     long_order = create_order(K_STUDY, u->faction->locale, "'%s'", 
-      skillname(SK_OBSERVATION, u->faction->locale));
+      skillname(SK_PERCEPTION, u->faction->locale));
   }
   return long_order;
 }
@@ -946,7 +946,7 @@ plan_monsters(void)
         /* all monsters fight */
       }
       /* Monster bekommen jede Runde ein paar Tage Wahrnehmung dazu */
-      produceexp(u, SK_OBSERVATION, u->number);
+      produceexp(u, SK_PERCEPTION, u->number);
 
       /* Befehle müssen jede Runde neu gegeben werden: */
       free_orders(&u->orders);
@@ -1069,10 +1069,7 @@ spawn_dragons(void)
     if (fval(r->terrain, SEA_REGION) && rng_int()%10000 < 1) {
       u = createunit(r, monsters, 1, new_race[RC_SEASERPENT]);
       fset(u, UFL_ISNEW|UFL_MOVED);
-      set_level(u, SK_MAGIC, 4);
-      set_level(u, SK_OBSERVATION, 3);
-      set_level(u, SK_STEALTH, 2);
-      set_level(u, SK_AUSDAUER, 1);
+      equip_unit(u, get_equipment("monster_seaserpent"));
     }
 
     if ((rterrain(r) == T_GLACIER || r->terrain == newterrain(T_SWAMP) || rterrain(r) == T_DESERT) && rng_int() % 10000 < (5 + 100 * chaosfactor(r))) 
@@ -1083,12 +1080,8 @@ spawn_dragons(void)
         u = createunit(r, monsters, nrand(30, 20) + 1, new_race[RC_DRAGON]);
       }
       fset(u, UFL_ISNEW|UFL_MOVED);
+      equip_unit(u, get_equipment("monster_dragon"));
 
-      set_money(u, u->number * (rng_int() % 500 + 100));
-      set_level(u, SK_MAGIC, 4);
-      set_level(u, SK_OBSERVATION, 1+rng_int()%3);
-      set_level(u, SK_STEALTH, 1);
-      set_level(u, SK_AUSDAUER, 1);
       if (!quiet) {
         log_printf("%d %s in %s.\n", u->number,
           LOC(default_locale, rc_name(u->race, u->number!=1)), regionname(r, NULL));
@@ -1098,20 +1091,7 @@ spawn_dragons(void)
 
       /* add message to the region */
       ADDMSG(&r->msgs,
-        msg_message("sighting", "region race number", 
-        NULL, u->race, u->number));
-      /* create new message to add to units */
-      msg = msg_message("sighting", "region race number",
-        u->region, u->race, u->number);
-      for (u=r->units;u;u=u->next) freset(u->faction, FFL_SELECT);
-      for (u=r->units;u;u=u->next) {
-        faction * f = u->faction;
-        if (!fval(f, FFL_SELECT)) {
-          add_message(&f->msgs, msg);
-          fset(f, FFL_SELECT);
-        }
-      }
-      msg_release(msg);
+        msg_message("sighting", "region race number", r, u->race, u->number));
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/common/gamecode/randenc.c b/src/common/gamecode/randenc.c
index 6211e2b85..0f8d0f230 100644
--- a/src/common/gamecode/randenc.c
+++ b/src/common/gamecode/randenc.c
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ get_allies(region * r, unit * u)
 		break;
 
 	case T_SWAMP:
-		if (eff_skill(u, SK_OBSERVATION, r) <= 3) {
+		if (eff_skill(u, SK_PERCEPTION, r) <= 3) {
 			return;
 		}
     name = "random_swamp_men";
diff --git a/src/common/gamecode/spy.c b/src/common/gamecode/spy.c
index 5c210c479..b7d35b322 100644
--- a/src/common/gamecode/spy.c
+++ b/src/common/gamecode/spy.c
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ spy_cmd(unit * u, struct order * ord)
 
   /* der Spion kann identifiziert werden, wenn das Opfer bessere
   * Wahrnehmung als das Ziel Tarnung + Spionage/2 hat */
-  observe = eff_skill(target, SK_OBSERVATION, r)
+  observe = eff_skill(target, SK_PERCEPTION, r)
     - (effskill(u, SK_STEALTH) + eff_skill(u, SK_SPY, r)/2);
 
   if (invisible(u, target) >= u->number) {
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ spy_cmd(unit * u, struct order * ord)
   * Spionageversuch bemerkt wurde. Die Wahrscheinlich dafür ist (100 -
   * SpionageSpion*5 + WahrnehmungOpfer*2)%. */
   observechance = 1.0 - (eff_skill(u, SK_SPY, r) * 0.05)
-    + (eff_skill(target, SK_OBSERVATION, r) * 0.02);
+    + (eff_skill(target, SK_PERCEPTION, r) * 0.02);
 
   if (chance(observechance)) {
     ADDMSG(&target->faction->msgs, msg_message("spydetect", 
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ sink_ship(region * r, ship * sh, const char *name, char spy, unit * saboteur)
     }
     add_message(&f->msgs, sink_msg);
     vset_erase(&informed, f);
-    if (spy == 1 && f != saboteur->faction && faction_skill(r, f, SK_OBSERVATION) - eff_skill(saboteur, SK_STEALTH, r) > 0) {
+    if (spy == 1 && f != saboteur->faction && faction_skill(r, f, SK_PERCEPTION) - eff_skill(saboteur, SK_STEALTH, r) > 0) {
       /* the unit is discovered */
       ADDMSG(&f->msgs, msg_message("spy_discovered_msg", "unit saboteur ship", lastunit, saboteur, sh));
       if (enemy_discovers_spy_msg==NULL) {
@@ -595,7 +595,7 @@ sabotage_cmd(unit * u, struct order * ord)
       return 0;
     }
     u2 = shipowner(sh);
-    skdiff = eff_skill(u, SK_SPY, r)-crew_skill(r, u2->faction, sh, SK_OBSERVATION);
+    skdiff = eff_skill(u, SK_SPY, r)-crew_skill(r, u2->faction, sh, SK_PERCEPTION);
     if (try_destruction(u, u2, sh, skdiff)) {
         sink_ship(r, sh, buffer, 1, u);
     }
diff --git a/src/common/gamecode/study.c b/src/common/gamecode/study.c
index 3b591f744..e6ee69836 100644
--- a/src/common/gamecode/study.c
+++ b/src/common/gamecode/study.c
@@ -645,7 +645,7 @@ learn_cmd(unit * u, order * ord)
   if (l > 0) {
     if (sk == SK_CROSSBOW || sk == SK_LONGBOW
       || sk == SK_CATAPULT || sk == SK_MELEE || sk == SK_SPEAR
-      || sk == SK_AUSDAUER || sk == SK_WEAPONLESS)
+      || sk == SK_STAMINA || sk == SK_WEAPONLESS)
     {
       teach->value += u->number * 5 * (l+1);
     } else {
diff --git a/src/common/kernel/battle.c b/src/common/kernel/battle.c
index 004304ded..fde66edb4 100644
--- a/src/common/kernel/battle.c
+++ b/src/common/kernel/battle.c
@@ -2085,7 +2085,7 @@ do_regenerate(fighter *af)
   ta.index = af->fighting;
 
   while(ta.index--) {
-    af->person[ta.index].hp += effskill(au, SK_AUSDAUER);
+    af->person[ta.index].hp += effskill(au, SK_STAMINA);
     af->person[ta.index].hp = min(unit_max_hp(au), af->person[ta.index].hp);
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/common/kernel/border.c b/src/common/kernel/border.c
index 305ca85f2..41290a37a 100644
--- a/src/common/kernel/border.c
+++ b/src/common/kernel/border.c
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ b_blockfogwall(const border * b, const unit * u, const region * r)
   unused(b);
   unused(r);
   if (!u) return true;
-  return (boolean)(effskill(u, SK_OBSERVATION) > 4); /* Das ist die alte Nebelwand */
+  return (boolean)(effskill(u, SK_PERCEPTION) > 4); /* Das ist die alte Nebelwand */
 }
 
 border_type bt_fogwall = {
diff --git a/src/common/kernel/build.c b/src/common/kernel/build.c
index 2a6063a95..c3de911a2 100644
--- a/src/common/kernel/build.c
+++ b/src/common/kernel/build.c
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ slipthru(const region * r, const unit * u, const building * b)
 
       if (invisible(u, u2) >= u->number) continue;
 
-      o = eff_skill(u2, SK_OBSERVATION, r);
+      o = eff_skill(u2, SK_PERCEPTION, r);
 
       if (o + 2 >= n)
         return 0;   /* entdeckt! */
diff --git a/src/common/kernel/eressea.c b/src/common/kernel/eressea.c
index 10005de45..d18ad048f 100644
--- a/src/common/kernel/eressea.c
+++ b/src/common/kernel/eressea.c
@@ -1037,7 +1037,7 @@ cansee(const faction * f, const region * r, const unit * u, int modifier)
   rings = invisible(u, NULL);
   while (u2) {
     if (rings<u->number || invisible(u, u2) < u->number) {
-      int observation = eff_skill(u2, SK_OBSERVATION, r);
+      int observation = eff_skill(u2, SK_PERCEPTION, r);
 
 #ifdef NIGHTEYES
       if (u2->enchanted == SP_NIGHT_EYES && o < NIGHT_EYE_TALENT)
@@ -1078,7 +1078,7 @@ cansee_unit(const unit * u, const unit * target, int modifier)
     if (rings && invisible(target, u) >= target->number) {
       return false;
     }
-    o = eff_skill(u, SK_OBSERVATION, target->region);
+    o = eff_skill(u, SK_PERCEPTION, target->region);
 
 #ifdef NIGHTEYES
     if (u->enchanted == SP_NIGHT_EYES && o < NIGHT_EYE_TALENT)
@@ -1121,7 +1121,7 @@ cansee_durchgezogen(const faction * f, const region * r, const unit * u, int mod
 
         if (rings && invisible(u, u2) >= u->number) continue;
 
-        o = eff_skill(u2, SK_OBSERVATION, r);
+        o = eff_skill(u2, SK_PERCEPTION, r);
 
 #ifdef NIGHTEYES
         if (u2->enchanted == SP_NIGHT_EYES && o < NIGHT_EYE_TALENT)
@@ -1853,7 +1853,7 @@ get_lighthouses(const region * r)
         if (u->building == b) {
           c = true;
           if (c > buildingcapacity(b)) break;
-          if (eff_skill(u, SK_OBSERVATION, r) >= d * 3) {
+          if (eff_skill(u, SK_PERCEPTION, r) >= d * 3) {
             unitlist_insert(&ulist, u);
           }
         } else if (c) break; /* first unit that's no longer in the house ends the search */
@@ -1878,7 +1878,7 @@ lighthouse_range(const building * b, const faction * f)
         c += u->number;
         if (c > buildingcapacity(b)) break;
         if (f==NULL || u->faction == f) {
-          int sk = eff_skill(u, SK_OBSERVATION, r) / 3;
+          int sk = eff_skill(u, SK_PERCEPTION, r) / 3;
           d = max(d, sk);
           d = min(maxd, d);
           if (d==maxd) break;
@@ -1914,7 +1914,7 @@ check_leuchtturm(region * r, faction * f)
           if (f==NULL || u->faction == f) {
             if (!d) d = distance(r, r2);
             if (maxd < d) break;
-            if (eff_skill(u, SK_OBSERVATION, r) >= d * 3) return true;
+            if (eff_skill(u, SK_PERCEPTION, r) >= d * 3) return true;
           }
         } else if (c) break; /* first unit that's no longer in the house ends the search */
       }
diff --git a/src/common/kernel/item.c b/src/common/kernel/item.c
index aafb7ea57..67d2c2ef3 100644
--- a/src/common/kernel/item.c
+++ b/src/common/kernel/item.c
@@ -819,7 +819,7 @@ use_foolpotion(struct unit *u, int targetno, const struct item_type *itype, int
     ADDMSG(&u->faction->msgs, msg_feedback(u, ord, "feedback_unit_not_found", ""));
     return ECUSTOM;
   }
-  if (effskill(u, SK_STEALTH)<=effskill(target, SK_OBSERVATION)) {
+  if (effskill(u, SK_STEALTH)<=effskill(target, SK_PERCEPTION)) {
     cmistake(u, ord, 64, MSG_EVENT);
     return ECUSTOM;
   }
diff --git a/src/common/kernel/move.c b/src/common/kernel/move.c
index 5e743e939..e746df3be 100644
--- a/src/common/kernel/move.c
+++ b/src/common/kernel/move.c
@@ -828,7 +828,7 @@ bewegung_blockiert_von(unit * reisender, region * r)
 	if (fval(reisender->race, RCF_ILLUSIONARY)) return NULL;
 	for (u=r->units;u && !contact;u=u->next) {
 		if (getguard(u) & GUARD_TRAVELTHRU) {
-			int sk = eff_skill(u, SK_OBSERVATION, r);
+			int sk = eff_skill(u, SK_PERCEPTION, r);
 			if (invisible(reisender, u) >= reisender->number) continue;
 			if (u->faction == reisender->faction) contact = true;
       else if (ucontact(u, reisender)) contact = true;
@@ -1813,7 +1813,7 @@ sail(unit * u, order * ord, boolean move_on_land, region_list **routep)
           !alliedunit(hafenmeister, u->faction, HELP_GUARD)) {
 
 
-            if (effskill(hafenmeister, SK_OBSERVATION) > effskill(u2, SK_STEALTH)) {
+            if (effskill(hafenmeister, SK_PERCEPTION) > effskill(u2, SK_STEALTH)) {
               for (itm=u2->items; itm; itm=itm->next) {
                 const luxury_type * ltype = resource2luxury(itm->type->rtype);
                 if (ltype!=NULL && itm->number>0) {
diff --git a/src/common/kernel/race.c b/src/common/kernel/race.c
index 68de76bc1..18c340b98 100644
--- a/src/common/kernel/race.c
+++ b/src/common/kernel/race.c
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ unit_max_hp(const unit * u)
 	if (heal_ct==NULL) heal_ct = ct_find("healingzone");
 
 
-	p = pow(effskill(u, SK_AUSDAUER) / 2.0, 1.5) * 0.2;
+	p = pow(effskill(u, SK_STAMINA) / 2.0, 1.5) * 0.2;
 	h += (int) (h * p + 0.5);
 
 #if KARMA_MODULE
diff --git a/src/common/kernel/reports.c b/src/common/kernel/reports.c
index 32f42982d..4cf8794b7 100644
--- a/src/common/kernel/reports.c
+++ b/src/common/kernel/reports.c
@@ -1094,7 +1094,7 @@ view_regatta(struct seen_region ** seen, region * r, faction * f)
   int skill = 0;
   for (u=r->units; u; u=u->next) {
     if (u->faction==f) {
-      int es = effskill(u, SK_OBSERVATION);
+      int es = effskill(u, SK_PERCEPTION);
       if (es>skill) skill=es;
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/common/kernel/skill.c b/src/common/kernel/skill.c
index 8d9ebf5b6..d6116ec2b 100644
--- a/src/common/kernel/skill.c
+++ b/src/common/kernel/skill.c
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ rc_skillmod(const struct race * rc, const region *r, skill_t sk)
   mods = skill_mod(rc, sk, r->terrain);
 #endif
 	if (rc == new_race[RC_ELF] && r_isforest(r)) switch (sk) {
-	case SK_OBSERVATION:
+	case SK_PERCEPTION:
 		++mods;
 		break;
 	case SK_STEALTH:
diff --git a/src/common/kernel/teleport.c b/src/common/kernel/teleport.c
index 79ef0dbdf..95e8034fc 100644
--- a/src/common/kernel/teleport.c
+++ b/src/common/kernel/teleport.c
@@ -152,9 +152,8 @@ spawn_braineaters(float chance)
     /* Neues Monster ? */
     if (next-- == 0) {
       unit *u = createunit(r, f0, 1+rng_int()%10+rng_int()%10, new_race[RC_HIRNTOETER]);
+      equip_unit(u, get_equipment("monster_braineater"));
 
-      set_level(u, SK_STEALTH, 1);
-      set_level(u, SK_OBSERVATION, 1);
       next = rng_int() % (int)(chance*100);
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/common/kernel/types.h b/src/common/kernel/types.h
index 3a31eb80d..bfaefb163 100644
--- a/src/common/kernel/types.h
+++ b/src/common/kernel/types.h
@@ -297,9 +297,9 @@ enum {
 	SK_ENTERTAINMENT,
 	SK_WEAPONSMITH,
 	SK_CARTMAKER,
-	SK_OBSERVATION,
+	SK_PERCEPTION,
 	SK_TAXING,
-	SK_AUSDAUER,
+	SK_STAMINA,
 	SK_WEAPONLESS,
 	MAXSKILLS,
 	NOSKILL = (skill_t) -1
diff --git a/src/common/kernel/unit.c b/src/common/kernel/unit.c
index f025a3d7b..9a2c6f815 100644
--- a/src/common/kernel/unit.c
+++ b/src/common/kernel/unit.c
@@ -1134,7 +1134,7 @@ item_modification(const unit *u, skill_t sk, int val)
     }
   }
 #if NEWATSROI == 1
-  if(sk == SK_OBSERVATION) {
+  if(sk == SK_PERCEPTION) {
     if(get_item(u, I_AMULET_OF_TRUE_SEEING) >= u->number) {
       val += ATSBONUS;
     }
@@ -1226,7 +1226,7 @@ case SK_HERBALISM:
 case SK_MAGIC:
 case SK_SPY:
 case SK_STEALTH:
-case SK_OBSERVATION:
+case SK_PERCEPTION:
   break;
 default:
   skill -= 2;
diff --git a/src/common/spells/combatspells.c b/src/common/spells/combatspells.c
index bb6ba64c7..40d6bf1d8 100644
--- a/src/common/spells/combatspells.c
+++ b/src/common/spells/combatspells.c
@@ -784,7 +784,7 @@ sp_shadowcall(fighter * fi, int level, double power, spell * sp)
   setstatus(u, ST_FIGHT);
 
   set_level(u, SK_WEAPONLESS, (int)(power/2));
-  set_level(u, SK_AUSDAUER, (int)(power/2));
+  set_level(u, SK_STAMINA, (int)(power/2));
   u->hp = u->number * unit_max_hp(u);
 
   a = a_new(&at_unitdissolve);
@@ -814,7 +814,7 @@ sp_wolfhowl(fighter * fi, int level, double power, spell * sp)
   setstatus(u, ST_FIGHT);
 
   set_level(u, SK_WEAPONLESS, (int)(power/3));
-  set_level(u, SK_AUSDAUER, (int)(power/3));
+  set_level(u, SK_STAMINA, (int)(power/3));
   u->hp = u->number * unit_max_hp(u);
 
   if (fval(mage, UFL_PARTEITARNUNG))
diff --git a/src/common/spells/spells.c b/src/common/spells/spells.c
index efed9a421..3489fe466 100644
--- a/src/common/spells/spells.c
+++ b/src/common/spells/spells.c
@@ -3318,7 +3318,7 @@ sp_summonshadow(castorder *co)
   val = get_level(mage, SK_MAGIC) + get_level(mage, SK_STEALTH);
 
   set_level(u, SK_STEALTH, val);
-  set_level(u, SK_OBSERVATION, 1);
+  set_level(u, SK_PERCEPTION, 1);
 
   ADDMSG(&mage->faction->msgs, msg_message("summonshadow_effect",
     "mage number", mage, number));
@@ -3356,7 +3356,7 @@ sp_summonshadowlords(castorder *co)
 
   /* Bekommen Tarnung = Magie und Wahrnehmung 5. */
   set_level(u, SK_STEALTH, get_level(mage, SK_MAGIC));
-  set_level(u, SK_OBSERVATION, 5);
+  set_level(u, SK_PERCEPTION, 5);
 
   ADDMSG(&mage->faction->msgs, msg_message("summon_effect", "mage amount race", mage, 1, u->race));
   return cast_level;
@@ -4326,7 +4326,7 @@ sp_pump(castorder *co)
 
   u = create_unit(rt, mage->faction, RS_FARVISION, new_race[RC_SPELL], 0, "spell/pump", NULL);
   u->age = 2;
-  set_level(u, SK_OBSERVATION, eff_skill(target, SK_OBSERVATION, u->region));
+  set_level(u, SK_PERCEPTION, eff_skill(target, SK_PERCEPTION, u->region));
 
   return cast_level;
 }
@@ -5061,7 +5061,7 @@ sp_dreamreading(castorder *co)
   u2 = create_unit(u->region,mage->faction, RS_FARVISION, new_race[RC_SPELL], 0, "spell/dreamreading", NULL);
   set_number(u2, 1);
   u2->age = 2;   /* Nur für diese Runde. */
-  set_level(u2, SK_OBSERVATION, eff_skill(u, SK_OBSERVATION, u2->region));
+  set_level(u2, SK_PERCEPTION, eff_skill(u, SK_PERCEPTION, u2->region));
 
   msg = msg_message("sp_dreamreading_effect", "mage unit region", mage, u, u->region);
   r_addmessage(r, mage->faction, msg);
@@ -5868,7 +5868,7 @@ sp_viewreality(castorder *co)
     region * rt = rl2->data;
     if (!is_cursed(rt->attribs, C_ASTRALBLOCK, 0)) {
       u = create_unit(rt, mage->faction, RS_FARVISION, new_race[RC_SPELL], 0, "spell/viewreality", NULL);
-      set_level(u, SK_OBSERVATION, co->level/2);
+      set_level(u, SK_PERCEPTION, co->level/2);
       u->age = 2;
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/res/equipment.xml b/src/res/equipment.xml
index 929d7ba2d..45c03abf8 100644
--- a/src/res/equipment.xml
+++ b/src/res/equipment.xml
@@ -379,5 +379,26 @@
     <item name="seaserpenthead" amount="1"/>
   </set>
 
+  <!-- sets that are used by the monster-spawning code -->
+  <set name="monster_dragon">
+    <skill name="magic" level="4"/>
+    <skill name="stealth" level="1"/>
+    <skill name="stamina" level="1"/>
+    <skill name="perception" level="d3"/>
+    <item name="money" amount="d500+99"/>
+  </set>
+
+  <set name="monster_braineater">
+    <skill name="stealth" level="1"/>
+    <skill name="perception" level="1"/>
+  </set>
+
+  <set name="monster_seaserpent">
+    <skill name="magic" level="4"/>
+    <skill name="stealth" level="2"/>
+    <skill name="stamina" level="1"/>
+    <skill name="perception" level="3"/>
+  </set>
+
 </equipment>